Islam
International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT)
30/09/2011
191
Muslims remain largely unaware of the importance and value of the Qur’anic principle of al-Shura (mutual consultation) and the significant role it can play in the advancement and reform of Muslim society. In this work, the author attempts to introduce and examine key meanings and practices of al-Shura, trace its historical evolution, and explore ways in which the principle can be introduced, institutionalized and applied in Muslim societies. There is no doubt that al-Shura has been sidelined throughout the Muslim world and the reasons for this are both historically and politically complex. According to the author, although much has been written on the subject, in reality it has been at best ineffectively applied and at worst heedlessly ignored. Even today it is a hotly contested issue. As al-Shura is increasingly associated with democratic participation in a decision-making process, debate has ignited with critics challenging the notion of equating the principle with western notions of democracy, with others claiming that the principle allows for a meaning that breaks the grip of centralized power. These and other issues are investigated with careful scholarship. Al-Raysuni concludes that al-Shura should be adopted as a way of life for all Muslims to protect their interests and as a vital tool for reconstruction and reform. In doing so he addresses the subject from some intriguing new angles, giving insight into areas hitherto little, if at all, examined.
Urusan berkaitan politik (siyasah) dan pentadbiran digolongkan dalam perbahasan ilmu fiqh muamalat, melibatkan urusan dan perhubungan sesama manusia. Kefahaman mengenai kedudukan perbahasan ilmu ini penting bagi memahami dalil dan kaedah fiqh dalam perbahasan berkaitan politik, seterusnya menonjolkan sifat Islam sebagai rahmatan lil ‘alamin.
Antara kaedah fiqh yang terpakai secara umum dalam perbahasan muamalat ialah ‘hukum asal bagi urusan muamalat ialah harus melainkan ada dalil mengharamkan’. Hal ini difahami para ulama’ apabila Allah dan Nabi Muhammad sallallahu ‘alaihi wasallam telah menetapkan beberapa prinsip yang kekal – juga disebut sebagai thawabit – dalam urusan muamalat, namun kaedah pelaksanaan urusan tersebut boleh berubah mengikut masa, tempat dan keadaan.
Walau bagaimanapun, perubahan pelaksanaan hukum mestilah dirujuk dan dipantau oleh ulama’ yang berkelayakan bukanlah dirombak mengikut nafsu dan kepentingan tertentu semata-mata. Hadith Nabi sallallahu ‘alaihi wasallam menyebut:
Kamu lebih mengetahui urusan dunia kamu (riwayat Muslim)
Kefahaman para sahabat radhiyallahu ‘anhum daripada hadith ini membolehkan mereka mencipta atau mengadaptasi kaedah dan mekanisme dalam urusan politik dan pentadbiran, seperti mana yang banyak dilakukan oleh Saidina Umar Al-Khattab.
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